Gülhan Lab

Research Summary

In the Gülhan Laboratory, we employ statistical and machine learning models to dissect the complexity of cancer genomes to advance personalized oncology. Leveraging signature analysis techniques, we detect mutational patterns representative of different genomic instability mechanisms. We design advanced algorithms to classify types of genomic instability in both tumor and liquid biopsies with greater accuracy and interpretability. Among these, dysfunctional DNA repair pathways and cell-cycle checkpoints hold particular significance due to their clinical importance in identifying patients who might benefit from targeted therapies. Moreover, certain types of genomic instability either trigger anti-tumor immune responses or promote immune evasion. A better understanding of these connections is pivotal for maximizing the efficacy of targeted therapies and optimizing their combinations with immunotherapies. We delve into large cancer genome datasets to study the variations in molecular and immune characteristics across different types of genomic instability. In collaboration with clinical researchers, we study treatment outcomes for these classes, as well as their evolutionary trajectories and resistance mechanisms. Informed by our findings, we develop tools that have direct clinical applications.

Research Projects

While cancer genomics offers deep insights into tumor landscapes, its full clinical potential remains untapped. Currently, personalized treatments cater to only a fraction of patients. Expanding the clinical interpretation of cancer genomes is essential to bridge this gap.

Genomic Instability to Guide Treatments

Cancer cells have elevated mutation rates arising from a blend of factors like exogenous mutagens and intrinsic genomic instability. The latter, resulting from events such as DNA repair deficiencies, cell cycle dysregulation, polymerase errors, and editing by APOBEC cytidine deaminases, provides cancer cells with growth advantages and evolutionary flexibility. This trait is a defining hallmark of cancer. However, genomic instability can also be a vulnerability for cancer cells. For instance, tumors with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) are sensitive to PARP inhibitors that exacerbate DNA damage to an unsustainable level. Genomic instability also interacts intricately with the immune system. Mismatch repair deficiency (MMRD), which causes hypermutations, makes tumors susceptible to anti-PD-1 therapy. Similarly, the cGAS/STING pathway, activated by cytosolic DNA in tumors with genomic instability, can initiate immune responses. The clinical relevance of genomic instability, as exemplified by MMRD and HRD, underscores the need to assess tumors for such mechanisms. This is particularly important given that the clinical implications of several other types of genomic instabilities, including replication stress and APOBEC mutations, remain unclear.

Enhanced signature analysis

Mutational signature analysis identifies patterns corresponding to distinct biological processes, revealing a tumor's mutagenic history. However, current approaches frequently oversimplify the nature of mutagenesis by presuming linear accumulation and neglecting correlations both within mutational processes and their dependencies on global and tumor-specific topographical features. Through more realistic statistical modelling of DNA damage and repair processes we develop new algorithms. By applying these methods to rapidly growing datasets of whole-genome sequenced cancers, we aim to achieve a more detailed map of processes and improve the accuracy of genomic instability classification.

Dissecting the complexity

A significant challenge in the translation of signatures into clinical biomarkers is the pronounced diversity across the subtypes of tumors within a class of genomic instability. Consider APOBEC mutagenesis as an example: based on the origin of single-stranded DNA the mutations may occur on lagging strand in tumors with replication stress, the nontemplate strand in tumors with transcription stress, hairpins, DNA within micronuclei, or extrachromosomal DNA. Tumors that result from these distinct mechanisms are expected to demonstrate considerable variability in their molecular characteristics, which can limit the utility of signatures as biomarkers. Genomic diversity is not the only aspect to be considered; the relevance of genomic instability for treatments can differ based on the transcriptional profiles of tumors and the immune microenvironment, and these are highly tissue-specific. Moreover, as tumors evolve, all of these factors need to be monitored and reevaluated. Our lab aims to develop computational methods that can resolve these complexities, and tailored tools for clinical applications that can be used to guide cancer treatments.

Leveraging Circulating Tumor DNA

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) offers a non-invasive means to capture the clonal and spatial heterogeneity as well as the temporal evolution of tumors. Mutational signature analyses using ctDNA have numerous potential clinical applications. For instance, they can be used to distinguish mutations of tumor-origin from those due to clonal hematopoiesis or amplification artifacts. Consequently, they can play a particularly crucial role in development of strategies for early cancer diagnosis and evaluating minimal residual disease. We also construct signatures analysis algorithms tailored for ctDNA that can be used to classify patients non-invasively according to their genomic instability and monitor the changes in signatures which might signal development of resistance.

Publications

Selected Publications

Jin H*, Gülhan DC*, Ben-Isvy D, Geng D, Ljungstrom V, Park PJ. Accurate and sensitive mutational signature analysis with MuSiCal. bioRxiv 2022.04.21.489082.

Batalini F*, Gülhan DC*, Mao V, Tran A, Polak M, Xiong N, Tayob N, Tung N, Winer EP, Mayer EL, Knappskog S, Mayer EL, Lønning PE, Matulonis UA, Konstantinopoulos PA, Solit DB, Won HH, Eikesdal HP, Park PJ†, Wulf GM. Mutational signature 3 detected from clinical panel sequencing is associated with responses to olaparib in breast and ovarian cancers. Clin. Cancer Res. 2022 Nov 1;28(21):4714-4723.

Cortés-Ciriano, I, Gülhan, DC, Lee JJK, Melloni GEM, Park PJ. Computational analysis of cancer genome sequencing data. Nat Rev Genet. 2022 May; 23(5):298-314.

Färkkilä A, Gülhan DC, Casado J, Jacobson CA, Nguyen H, Kochupurakkal B, Maliga Z, Yapp C, Chen YA, Schapiro D, Zhou Y, Graham JR, Dezube BJ, Munster P, Santagata S, Garcia E, Rodig S, Lako A, Chowdhury D, Shapiro GI, Matulonis UA, Park PJ, Hautaniemi S, Sorger PK, Swisher EM, D'Andrea AD, Konstantinopoulos PA. Immunogenomic profiling determines responses to combined PARP and PD-1 inhibition in ovarian cancer. Nat. Commun. 2020 Mar 19;11(1):1459.

Gülhan DC, Lee JJ, Meloni GEM, Cortes Cirano I, Park PJ. Detecting the mutational signature of homologous recombination deficiency in clinical samples. Nat Genet. 2019 May;51(5):912-919.

*co-first authors

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Our Researchers

Doğa C. Gülhan, PhD

Principal Investigator

Group Members

• Yoo-Na Kim, MD
• Garrett Lam, BSc
• Sangmi (Sandra) Lee, PhD
• Reid McNeil, MSc
• Fenisha Shah, MSc
• Ankit Singh, MSc

Adjunct Lab Members

• Tae Hee Clara Kim, BSc
• Allen Lynch, BSc

Alumni

• Nicholas Chevalier, MSc

Open Positions

The Gülhan Lab is seeking multiple postdoctoral fellows to work on innovative computational methods in the research areas of interest of the lab described above. Please visit our website for more details.